httplib --- HTTP protocol clientNote
The httplib module has been renamed to http.client in Python
3. The 2to3 tool will automatically adapt imports when converting
your sources to Python 3.
Source code: Lib/httplib.py
[UNKNOWN NODE transition]This module defines classes which implement the client side of the HTTP and
HTTPS protocols. It is normally not used directly --- the module urllib
uses it to handle URLs that use HTTP and HTTPS.
See also
The Requests package is recommended for a higher-level HTTP client interface.
Note
HTTPS support is only available if the socket module was compiled with
SSL support.
Note
The public interface for this module changed substantially in Python 2.0. The
HTTP class is retained only for backward compatibility with 1.5.2. It
should not be used in new code. Refer to the online docstrings for usage.
The module provides the following classes:
class httplib.HTTPConnection(host[, port[, strict[, timeout[, source_address]]]])[source]
An HTTPConnection instance represents one transaction with an HTTP
server. It should be instantiated passing it a host and optional port
number. If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host
string if it has the form host:port, else the default HTTP port (80) is
used. When true, the optional parameter strict (which defaults to a false
value) causes BadStatusLine to
be raised if the status line can't be parsed as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1
status line. If the optional timeout parameter is given, blocking
operations (like connection attempts) will timeout after that many seconds
(if it is not given, the global default timeout setting is used).
The optional source_address parameter may be a tuple of a (host, port)
to use as the source address the HTTP connection is made from.
For example, the following calls all create instances that connect to the server at the same host and port:
>>> h1 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl')
>>> h2 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl:80')
>>> h3 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80)
>>> h3 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80, timeout=10)
New in version 2.0.
Changed in version 2.6: timeout was added.
Changed in version 2.7: source_address was added.
class httplib.HTTPSConnection(host[, port[, key_file[, cert_file[, strict[, timeout[, source_address[, context]]]]]]])[source]
A subclass of HTTPConnection that uses SSL for communication with
secure servers. Default port is 443. If context is specified, it must
be a ssl.SSLContext instance describing the various SSL options.
key_file and cert_file are deprecated, please use
ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain() instead, or let
ssl.create_default_context() select the system's trusted CA
certificates for you.
Please read Security considerations for more information on best practices.
New in version 2.0.
Changed in version 2.6: timeout was added.
Changed in version 2.7: source_address was added.
Changed in version 2.7.9: context was added.
This class now performs all the necessary certificate and hostname checks
by default. To revert to the previous, unverified, behavior
ssl._create_unverified_context() can be passed to the context
parameter.
class httplib.HTTPResponse(sock, debuglevel=0, strict=0)[source]
Class whose instances are returned upon successful connection. Not instantiated directly by user.
New in version 2.0.
class httplib.HTTPMessage[source]
An HTTPMessage instance is used to hold the headers from an HTTP
response. It is implemented using the mimetools.Message class and
provides utility functions to deal with HTTP Headers. It is not directly
instantiated by the users.
The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:
exception httplib.HTTPException[source]
The base class of the other exceptions in this module. It is a subclass of
Exception.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.NotConnected[source]
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.InvalidURL[source]
A subclass of HTTPException, raised if a port is given and is either
non-numeric or empty.
New in version 2.3.
exception httplib.UnknownProtocol[source]
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.UnknownTransferEncoding[source]
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.UnimplementedFileMode[source]
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.IncompleteRead[source]
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.ImproperConnectionState[source]
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.CannotSendRequest[source]
A subclass of ImproperConnectionState.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.CannotSendHeader[source]
A subclass of ImproperConnectionState.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.ResponseNotReady[source]
A subclass of ImproperConnectionState.
New in version 2.0.
exception httplib.BadStatusLine[source]
A subclass of HTTPException. Raised if a server responds with a HTTP
status code that we don't understand.
New in version 2.0.
The constants defined in this module are:
httplib.HTTP_PORT
The default port for the HTTP protocol (always 80).
httplib.HTTPS_PORT
The default port for the HTTPS protocol (always 443).
and also the following constants for integer status codes:
| Constant | Value | Definition |
|---|---|---|
CONTINUE | 100 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.1.1 |
SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS | 101 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.1.2 |
PROCESSING | 102 | WEBDAV, RFC 2518, Section 10.1 |
OK | 200 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.1 |
CREATED | 201 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.2 |
ACCEPTED | 202 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.3 |
NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION | 203 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.4 |
NO_CONTENT | 204 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.5 |
RESET_CONTENT | 205 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.6 |
PARTIAL_CONTENT | 206 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.7 |
MULTI_STATUS | 207 | WEBDAV RFC 2518, Section 10.2 |
IM_USED | 226 | Delta encoding in HTTP, RFC 3229, Section 10.4.1 |
MULTIPLE_CHOICES | 300 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.1 |
MOVED_PERMANENTLY | 301 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.2 |
FOUND | 302 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.3 |
SEE_OTHER | 303 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.4 |
NOT_MODIFIED | 304 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.5 |
USE_PROXY | 305 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.6 |
TEMPORARY_REDIRECT | 307 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.8 |
BAD_REQUEST | 400 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.1 |
UNAUTHORIZED | 401 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.2 |
PAYMENT_REQUIRED | 402 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.3 |
FORBIDDEN | 403 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.4 |
NOT_FOUND | 404 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.5 |
METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED | 405 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.6 |
NOT_ACCEPTABLE | 406 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.7 |
PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED | 407 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.8 |
REQUEST_TIMEOUT | 408 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.9 |
CONFLICT | 409 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.10 |
GONE | 410 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.11 |
LENGTH_REQUIRED | 411 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.12 |
PRECONDITION_FAILED | 412 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.13 |
REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE | 413 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.14 |
REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG | 414 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.15 |
UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE | 415 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.16 |
REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE | 416 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.17 |
EXPECTATION_FAILED | 417 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.18 |
UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY | 422 | WEBDAV, RFC 2518, Section 10.3 |
LOCKED | 423 | WEBDAV RFC 2518, Section 10.4 |
FAILED_DEPENDENCY | 424 | WEBDAV, RFC 2518, Section 10.5 |
UPGRADE_REQUIRED | 426 | HTTP Upgrade to TLS, RFC 2817, Section 6 |
INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR | 500 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.5.1 |
NOT_IMPLEMENTED | 501 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.5.2 |
BAD_GATEWAY | 502 | HTTP/1.1 RFC 2616, Section 10.5.3 |
SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE | 503 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.5.4 |
GATEWAY_TIMEOUT | 504 | HTTP/1.1 RFC 2616, Section 10.5.5 |
HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED | 505 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.5.6 |
INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE | 507 | WEBDAV, RFC 2518, Section 10.6 |
NOT_EXTENDED | 510 | An HTTP Extension Framework, RFC 2774, Section 7 |
httplib.responses
This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names.
Example: httplib.responses[httplib.NOT_FOUND] is 'Not Found'.
New in version 2.5.
HTTPConnection instances have the following methods:
HTTPConnection.request(method, url[, body[, headers]])[source]
This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request method method
and the selector url. If the body argument is present, it should be a
string of data to send after the headers are finished. Alternatively, it may
be an open file object, in which case the contents of the file is sent; this
file object should support fileno() and read() methods. The
headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with
the request.
If one is not provided in headers, a Content-Length header is added
automatically for all methods if the length of the body can be determined,
either from the length of the str representation, or from the reported
size of the file on disk. If body is None the header is not set except
for methods that expect a body (PUT, POST, and PATCH) in which
case it is set to 0.
Changed in version 2.6: body can be a file object.
HTTPConnection.getresponse()[source]
Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server.
Returns an HTTPResponse instance.
Note
Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new request to the server.
HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel(level)[source]
Set the debugging level (the amount of debugging output printed). The default
debug level is 0, meaning no debugging output is printed.
HTTPConnection.set_tunnel(host, port=None, headers=None)[source]
Set the host and the port for HTTP Connect Tunnelling. Normally used when it is required to do HTTPS Connection through a proxy server.
The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with the CONNECT request.
New in version 2.7.
HTTPConnection.connect()[source]
Connect to the server specified when the object was created.
HTTPConnection.close()[source]
Close the connection to the server.
As an alternative to using the request() method described above, you can
also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below.
HTTPConnection.putrequest(request, selector[, skip_host[, skip_accept_encoding]])[source]
This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been made.
It sends a line to the server consisting of the request string, the selector
string, and the HTTP version (HTTP/1.1). To disable automatic sending of
Host: or Accept-Encoding: headers (for example to accept additional
content encodings), specify skip_host or skip_accept_encoding with non-False
values.
Changed in version 2.4: skip_accept_encoding argument added.
HTTPConnection.putheader(header, argument[, ...])[source]
Send an RFC 822-style header to the server. It sends a line to the server consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and an argument.
HTTPConnection.endheaders(message_body=None)[source]
Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers. The optional message_body argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the request. The message body will be sent in the same packet as the message headers if it is string, otherwise it is sent in a separate packet.
Changed in version 2.7: message_body was added.
HTTPConnection.send(data)[source]
Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the
endheaders() method has been called and before getresponse() is
called.
HTTPResponse instances have the following methods and attributes:
HTTPResponse.read([amt])[source]
Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next amt bytes.
HTTPResponse.getheader(name[, default])[source]
Get the contents of the header name, or default if there is no matching header.
HTTPResponse.getheaders()[source]
Return a list of (header, value) tuples.
New in version 2.4.
HTTPResponse.fileno()[source]
Returns the fileno of the underlying socket.
HTTPResponse.msg
A mimetools.Message instance containing the response headers.
HTTPResponse.version
HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1.
HTTPResponse.status
Status code returned by server.
HTTPResponse.reason
Reason phrase returned by server.
Here is an example session that uses the GET method:
>>> import httplib
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org")
>>> conn.request("GET", "/")
>>> r1 = conn.getresponse()
>>> print r1.status, r1.reason
200 OK
>>> data1 = r1.read()
>>> conn.request("GET", "/")
>>> r2 = conn.getresponse()
>>> print r2.status, r2.reason
404 Not Found
>>> data2 = r2.read()
>>> conn.close()
Here is an example session that uses the HEAD method. Note that the
HEAD method never returns any data.
>>> import httplib
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org")
>>> conn.request("HEAD","/")
>>> res = conn.getresponse()
>>> print res.status, res.reason
200 OK
>>> data = res.read()
>>> print len(data)
0
>>> data == ''
True
Here is an example session that shows how to POST requests:
>>> import httplib, urllib
>>> params = urllib.urlencode({'@number': 12524, '@type': 'issue', '@action': 'show'})
>>> headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
... "Accept": "text/plain"}
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("bugs.python.org")
>>> conn.request("POST", "", params, headers)
>>> response = conn.getresponse()
>>> print response.status, response.reason
302 Found
>>> data = response.read()
>>> data
'Redirecting to <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue12524">http://bugs.python.org/issue12524</a>'
>>> conn.close()
Client side HTTP PUT requests are very similar to POST requests. The
difference lies only the server side where HTTP server will allow resources to
be created via PUT request. Here is an example session that shows how to do
PUT request using httplib:
>>> # This creates an HTTP message
>>> # with the content of BODY as the enclosed representation
>>> # for the resource http://localhost:8080/foobar
...
>>> import httplib
>>> BODY = "***filecontents***"
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("localhost", 8080)
>>> conn.request("PUT", "/file", BODY)
>>> response = conn.getresponse()
>>> print response.status, response.reason
200, OK